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Microplastics and Health
MP and the Gut Microbiome
Studies in animal models have reported the physical interaction of MP with the intestinal wall, leading to mechanical damage and potentially inflammatory reactions. MP can increase intestinal permeability, allowing harmful particles to enter the bloodstream. Studies have linked MP exposure to gut dysbiosis (an imbalance between beneficial and pathogenic bacteria in the gut). Microbial dysbiosis can potentially lead to impaired gut function, weakened immunity, and an increased risk of gastrointestinal disorders. Furthermore, MP-induced modulations in the gut microbiota could lead to systemic inflammation, a known risk factor for various chronic diseases. However, a fiber-rich diet and regular physical activity can help counteract MP-induced intestinal dysbiosis.
MP and Gastrointestinal Diseases
A positive correlation has been observed between fecal MP concentration and the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Furthermore, studies have found that IBD patients have higher MP concentrations in their stools than healthy individuals. An increased risk of colorectal and pancreatic cancer has also been observed among workers in the plastics and rubber industry.
MP and the Brain
Although individual studies have suggested a link between MP exposure and the onset of neurological symptoms, conclusive evidence remains elusive. A recent study indicates that nanoplastics, as well as MP, have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, a highly selective filter that controls what can and cannot enter our brains via the bloodstream. Significantly higher concentrations of MP were observed in brain tissue samples collected in 2024 than in those collected in 2016, as well as in those of individuals with dementia. However, the blood-brain barriers of people with dementia are less effective than those of healthy individuals. Thus, the higher concentration of MP in their brains may be a consequence of the disease, rather than a cause.
MP and Cardiovascular Disease
Recent research suggests an association between MP and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In a study of 304 patients with cardiovascular disease, patients with carotid plaque (atherosclerotic deposits in their carotid artery) in which MP were detected had a higher risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death after 34 months of follow-up compared to those in whom plastic particles were not detected.
MP and Respiratory Diseases
A growing body of research shows that chronic exposure to MP can affect respiratory health, particularly in highly exposed individuals. When inhaled, some plastic fibers and particles can be deposited in the upper respiratory tract or travel down to the lungs. The finest particles (nanoplastics) are capable of reaching the pulmonary alveoli. People at greater risk are those working in environments rich in plastic fibers (textiles, recycling, etc.).
Author
Kathryn holds a Bachelor Degree in Nutrition as well as a Bachelor and a Master Degree in Kinesiology, all from Laval University. She is a Registered Dietitian and active member of the Ordre professionnel des Diététistes Nutritionnistes du Québec (ODNQ) and of the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. She holds the Monash University's certification for the FODMAP diet and IBS, and has considerable clinical experience in that area. She is also an accomplished athlete, having ran track and cross-country at a national level. Kathryn specializes in sports nutrition, weight loss, diabetes, as well as heart and gastrointestinal health.
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